Acoustic and ultrasonic techniques for defect detection and condition monitoring in water and sewerage pipes: A review

Condition monitoring for water and sewerage pipes is essential the safety of environment, energy conservation human health. This paper focuses on application acoustic ultrasonic techniques detection assessment leaks, blockages defect in buried pipes. The review includes methods (below 20 kHz) based vibration sensing using accelerometers, hydrophones fibre optic sensors, (above propagation bulk guided waves. Related data-driven, machine-learning are also discussed. Typical arrangements sensors shown, explained analysed terms their applicability to pipe networks. Commercial systems state art research inspection made a range materials such as cast iron, high-density polyethylene concrete critically assessed. explores future autonomous robotics deploy these distribution